1. Jones T, Marino S, Parker JA, Ashworth SK, Nibert MB, Dickerson A. Role competencies for a faculty member in an occupational therapy assistant academic setting. AJOT: American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2005; 59 (6): 635- 7. [
DOI:10.5014/ajot.59.6.635]
2. Haider SI, Riaz Q, Gill RC. Empathy in clinical practice: a qualitative study of early medical practitioners and educators. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2020; 70 (1): 116. [
DOI:10.5455/JPMA.14408]
3. Anzaldua A, Halpern J. Can clinical empathy survive? Distress, burnout, and malignant duty in the age of Covid‐ 19. Hastings Center Report 2021; 51 (1): 22-7. [
DOI:10.1002/hast.1216]
4. Kesbakhi MS, Rohani C. Exploring oncology nurses' perception of the consequences of clinical empathy in patients and nurses: A qualitative study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2020; 28 (6): 2985- 93. [
DOI:10.1007/s00520-019-05118-z]
5. Williams B, Boyle M, Earl T. Measurement of empathy levels in undergraduate paramedic students. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2013; 28 (2): 145- 9. [
DOI:10.1017/S1049023X1300006X]
6. Ouzouni C, Nakakis K. An exploratory study of student nurses' empathy. Health Science Journal 2012; 6 (3): 534.
7. Ozcan CT, Oflaz F, Sutcu Cicek H. Empathy: the effects of undergraduate nursing education in Turkey. International Nursing Review 2010; 57 (4): 493- 9. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2010.00832.x]
8. Beach SR, Shalev D, Fischel SV, Boland RJ, Ernst CL. Optimizing Fit: Targeting a Residency Psychiatry Consultation- Liaison Rotation to Various Levels of Training. Psychosomatics 2020; 61 (6): 645- 54. [
DOI:10.1016/j.psym.2020.07.002]
9. Hopkins L, Saciragic L, Kim J, Posner G. The hidden curriculum: exposing the unintended lessons of medical education. Cureus 2016; 8 (10). [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.845]
10. Bredicean C, Tamasan SC, Lungeanu D, Giurgi- Oncu C, Stoica IP, Panfil AL, Vasilian C, Secosan I, Ursoniu S, Patrascu R. Burnout toll on empathy would mediate the missing professional support in the COVID- 19 outbreak. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2021; 2231- 44. [
DOI:10.2147/RMHP.S300578]
11. Tekian A. Must the hidden curriculum be the'black box'for unspoken truth? Medical education 2009; 43 (9): 822- 3. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03443.x]
12. Ludwig B, Turk B, Seitz T, Klaus I, Löffler- Stastka H. The search for attitude- a hidden curriculum assessment from a central European perspective. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 2018; 130: 134- 40. [
DOI:10.1007/s00508-018-1312-5]
13. Pourbairamian G, Bigdeli S, Arabshahi SK, Yamani N, Sohrabi Z, Ahmadi F, Sandars J. Hidden Curriculum in Medical Residency Programs: A Scoping Review. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism 2022; 10 (2):69.
14. Ipekel II, Şahin H. Hidden Curriculum Scale in Teacher Education: a Scale Development Study. European Journal of Education Studies 2019;6 (4):323-38.
15. Monrouxe LV, Rees CE. Theoretical perspectives on identity: researching identities in healthcare education. Researching medical education . Wiley Blackwell;2015. [
DOI:10.1002/9781118838983.ch12]
16. Brown ME, Coker O, Heybourne A, Finn GM. Exploring the hidden curriculum's impact on medical students: professionalism, identity formation and the need for transparency. Medical Science Educator 2020; 30: 1107- 21. [
DOI:10.1007/s40670-020-01021-z]
17. Vinson AH, Underman K. Clinical empathy as emotional labor in medical work. Social science & medicine 2020; 251: 112904. [
DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112904]
18. Yang C, Zhu YL, Xia BY, Li YW, Zhang J. The effect of structured empathy education on empathy competency of undergraduate nursing interns: A quasi- experimental study. Nurse education today 2020; 85: 104296. [
DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104296]
19. Karayiannis G, Papastavrou E, Farmakas A, Tsangari H, Noula M, Roupa Z. Exploration of empathy in Cyprus nursing and health care students: A mixed method study. Nurse Education in Practice 2020; 1- 8. [
DOI:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102686]
20. Yazdi NA, Arabshahi KS, Bigdeli S, Ghaffarifar S. Challenges in promoting clinical empathy skills in medical students: A content analysis study. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 2019; 33 :104.
21. Corbin JM, Strauss AL.[Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory]. translated by Afshar E.Tehran: Ney Publication; 2015. [Persian]
22. Bazargan A. [Introduction to qualitative and mixed research methods]. 3rd ed. Tehran: Didar Publications; 2016. [Persian]
23. Mehr Mohammadi M. [Curriculum: viewpoints, approaches, perspectives]. 2nd ed. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi Publishing House; 2014. [Persian]
24. Thangarasu S, Renganathan G, Natarajan P. Empathy Can Be taught, and patients teach it best. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development 2021; 8. [
DOI:10.1177/23821205211000346]
25. Winter R, Issa E, Roberts N, Norman RI, Howick J. Assessing the effect of empathy- enhancing interventions in health education and training: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open 2020; 10(9):e036471. [
DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036471]
26. Laughey WF, Atkinson J, Craig AM, Douglas L, Brown ME, Scott JL, et al. Empathy in Medical Education: Its Nature and Nurture- a Qualitative Study of the Views of Students and Tutors. Medical Science Educator 2021; 31:1941-50. [
DOI:10.1007/s40670-021-01430-8]
27. Padash L, Sanagoo A, Jouybari L, Mobasher EI.[The Perspectives of the Faculty Members, Medical Interns and Residents of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ward about Influencing Factors of Professional Ethics Development in Practice]. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2017; 20(5): 39-47. [Persian]
28. Yasien S, Almuzaini F. The relationship between empathy and personality traits in Saudi medical students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 2022; 11:150. [
DOI:10.4103/jehp.jehp_851_21]
29. Bredicean C, Tamasan SC, Lungeanu D, Giurgi- Oncu C, Stoica IP, Panfil AL, Vasilian C, Secosan I, Ursoniu S, Patrascu R. Burnout toll on empathy would mediate the missing professional support in the COVID- 19 outbreak. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 2021; 2231- 44. [
DOI:10.2147/RMHP.S300578]
30. Ellison G, Pruzinsky T. A Qualitative Exploration of Medical Student Empathy During the COVID- 19 Pandemic. Research squar 2021; 1- 16. [
DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1121899/v1]
31. Charles JA, Ahnfeldt- Mollerup P, Søndergaard J, Kristensen T. Empathy variation in general practice: a survey among general practitioners in Denmark. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018; 15 (3): 433. [
DOI:10.3390/ijerph15030433]
32. Maleki, H. [Qualifications of teaching profession]. Tehran: Madraseh Publications; 2011. [Persian]
33. Roling G, Lutz G, Edelhäuser F, Hofmann M, Valk- Draad MP, Wack C, Haramati A, Tauschel D, Scheffer C. Empathy, well- being and stressful experiences in the clinical learning environment. Patient Education and Counseling2020; 103 (11): 2320- 7. [
DOI:10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.025]
34. Wright SR, Boyd VA, Ginsburg S. The hidden curriculum of compassionate care: can assessment drive compassion?. Academic Medicine 2019; 94 (8): 1164-9. [
DOI:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002773]
35. Decety J. Empathy in medicine: what it is, and how much we really need it. The American journal of medicine 2020; 133 (5): 561- 6. [
DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.012]
36. Guidi C, Traversa C. Empathy in patient care: from 'Clinical Empathy'to 'Empathic Concern'. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 2021; 24 (4): 573- 85. [
DOI:10.1007/s11019-021-10033-4]